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Abstract:

<p>Bacteria possess a variety of operons with homology to eukaryotic ubiquitination pathways that encode predicted E1, E2, E3, deubiquitinase, and ubiquitin-like proteins. Some of these pathways have recently been shown to function in anti-bacteriophage immunity, but the biological functions of others remain unknown. Here, we show that ubiquitin-like proteins in two bacterial operon families show surprising architectural diversity, possessing one to three β-grasp domains preceded by diverse N-terminal domains. We find that a large group of bacterial ubiquitin-like proteins possess three β-grasp domains and form homodimers and helical filaments mediated by conserved Ca ion binding sites. Our findings highlight a distinctive mode of self-assembly for ubiquitin-like proteins and suggest that Ca-mediated ubiquitin-like protein filament assembly and/or disassembly enables cells to sense and respond to stress conditions that alter intracellular metal ion concentration.</p>